Equipment: Meter stick, meter stick clamps (knife edge clamp), balance support, mass set, weight hangers, unknown masses, balance.
Introduction: The condition for rotational equilibrium is that the net torque on an object about some point in the body, O, is zero. Remember that the torque is defined as the force times the lever arm of the force with respect to the chosen point O. The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from O to the line of action of the force.
Procedure:
Note: In each of the following steps, where appropriate, make a careful sketch showing the meter stick with the applied forces and mark their locations. Also, show the point, O, about which you are calculating torque.
1. Balance the meter stick in the knife edge clamp and record the position of the balance point. What point in the meter stick does this correspond to?
48.5cm
2. Select two different masses (100 grams or more each) and using the meter stick clamps and weight hangers, suspend one on each side of the meter stick support at different distances from the support. Adjust the positions so the system is balanced. Record the masses and positions. Is it necessary to include the mass of the clamps in your caculation? EXPLAIN! Sum the torques about your pivot point O and compare with the expected value.
mass1: 150g position1: 58.5cm
mass2: 50g position2: 24.1cm
We should include the mass of the clamps, because now the clamp with the mass can be seen as a system, so the mass should be all together.
torqueleft = W1 × Ll = [(50+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(48.5- 24.1)/100]m = 0.167 N·m
torqueright = W2 × L2 = [(150+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(58.5- 48.5)/100]m = 0.166 N·m
difference of torque = 0.167-0.166= 0.001 N·m
expected value of L2:
W1·Ll = W2·L2
[(50+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(48.5- 24.1)/100]m= [(150+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [L2/100]m
L2= 10.047cm
experimental value= 58.5cm-48.5cm= 10cm
percent of error= [(10.047-10)/10.047]× 100%= 0.468%
3. Place the same two masses used above at different locations on the same side of the support and balance the system with a third mass on the opposite side. Record the masses and positions. Calculate the net torque on this system about the point support and compare with the expected value.
mass1: 150g position1: 68.5cm
mass2: 50g position2: 58.5cm
mass3: 100g position2: 15.3cm
mass of clamp: 20g
torqueright = W1·Ll+ W2·L2
[(50+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(58.5- 48.5)/100]m+ [(150+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(68.5-48.5)/100]m = 0.4018 N·m
torqueleft = W3·L3
[(100+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(48.5-15.3)/100]m = 0.3904 N·m
difference of torque = 0.4018-0.3904= 0.0114 N·m
expected value of L3:
W3·L3= W1·Ll+ W2·L2
[(100+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × L3= 0.4018 N·m
L3= 34.17cm
experimental value of L3= 48.5-15.3= 33.2cm
percent of difference= [(34.17-33.2)/34.17] × 100%= 2.84%
4. Replace one of the above masses with an unknown mass. Readjust the positions of the masses until equilibrium is achieved, recording all values. Using the equilibrium condition for rotational motion, calculate the unknown mass. Measure the mass of the unknown on a balance and compare the two masses by finding the percent difference.
mass1: 150g position1: 68.5cm
mass2: 50g position2: 58.5cm
mass3: unknown position2: 4.8cm
mass of clamp: 20g
expected value of mass3(unknown):
W1·Ll+ W2·L2 = W3·L3
[(50+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(58.5- 48.5)/100]m+ [(150+ 20)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(68.5-48.5)/100]m = [(m3+ 20)/1000]kg× 9.8m/s^2 × [(48.5-4.8)/100]m
m3= 94g
measured value of the unknown mass: 91.5g
percent of error= [(94-91.5)/94] × 100%= 2.66%
5. Place about 200 grams at 90 cm on the meter stick and balance the system by changing the balance point of the meter stick. From this information, calculate the mass of the meter stick. Compare this with the meter stick mass obtained from the balance. Should the clamp holding the meter stick be included as part of the mass of the meter stick? EXPLAIN!
balance point: 77.8cm
the mass of meter stick obtained from the balance: 84.2g
the calculated value of meter stick:
W1·Ll = W2·L2
m × 9.8m/s^2 × [(77.8- 48.5)/100]m = 0.2kg × [(90- 48.5)/100]m
m= 83.28g
percent of error: [(84.2-83.28)/84.2] × 100%= 1.09%
In this case, the mass of clamp is included in 200grams, so it shouldn't be included as part of the mass of the meter stick. Because in part 1, when we got the balance point of the meter stick (48.5cm) , there is no clamp or mass on it. So, here we still use the balance point as 48.5cm, the mass of clamp also shouldn't be included.
6. With the 200 grams still at 90 cm mark, imagine that you now position an additional 100 grams mass at the 30 cm mark on the meter stick. Calculate the position of the center of gravity of this combination (two masses and meter stick). Where should the point of support on the meter stick be to balance this system? Check your result by actually placing the 100 g at the 30 cm mark and balancing this system. Compare the calculated and experimental result.
experimental value: x=65.1cm
calculated value:
W1·Ll+ W2·L2 = W3·L3
[100/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(x- 30)/100]m+ [(84.2)/1000]kg × 9.8m/s^2 × [(x-48.5)/100]m
= [200/1000]kg× 9.8m/s^2 × [(90-x)/100]m
x=65.29cm
percent of error: [(65.29-65.1)/65.1] × 100%= 0.29%
Conclusion:
In this lab, we learned how to investigate the conditions for rotational equilibrium of a rigid bar, and how to determine the center of gravity of a system of masses.
We learned that torque is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. The magnitude of torque depends on three quantities: the force applied, the length of the lever arm connecting the axis to the point of force application, and the angle between the force vector and the lever arm.
The center of mass is the unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero. If the object is first balanced to find its center of mass, then the entire weight of the object can be considered to act at that center of mass. If the object is then shifted a measured distance away from the center of mass and again balanced by hanging a known mass on the other side of the pivot point, the unknown mass of the object can be determined by balancing the torques.
Causes of error:
1. Some masses have been rusted, some their masses are not accurate.
2. Our stick is not exactly horizontal, so the angle between stick and masses is not 90 degrees.
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